The Central or Qurna Marshes are a large complex of wetlands in Iraq that, along with the Hawizeh and Hammar Marshes marshes, make up the Mesopotamian Marshes of the Tigris–Euphrates river system. Formerly covering an area of around 3000 square kilometres, they were almost completely drained following the 1991 uprisings in Iraq and have in recent years been reflooded.
Characteristics
The Central Marshes stretched between
Nasiriyah, Al-'Uzair (Ezra's Tomb) and
Al-Qurnah and were mainly fed by the
Tigris and its distributaries (the
Shatt al-Muminah and
Majar al-Kabir). They were drained by the (partially artificial)
Prosperity Canal, and by the
Glory River. The Central Marshes were characterised by tall
qasab Phragmites but included a number of freshwater
, of which the largest were the Haur az-Zikri and Umm al-Binni (literally "mother of
binni", the latter being a species of barbel.)
[ The Physical Characteristics of the Mesopotamian Marshlands, edenagain.org] The marshes support breeding populations of the Basra reed-warbler and
marbled teal, along with several other species of non-breeding birds.
[ Central Marshes, birdlife.org] It was feared that the Levant darter (
Anhinga rufa chantrei), a subspecies of the
African darter, and the
maxwelli subspecies of the smooth-coated otter had disappeared entirely, but small and threatened populations remain of both.
[Abed, J.M. (2007). Status of Water Birds in Restored Southern Iraqi Marshes. Marsh Bulletin 2(1): 64-79.][Al-Sheikhly, O.F.; and Nader, I.A. (2013). The Status of the Iraq Smooth-coated Otter Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli Hayman 1956 and Eurasian Otter Lutra lutra Linnaeus 1758 in Iraq. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 30(1).] It is feared that the Bunn's short-tailed bandicoot rat (
Nesokia bunnii, syn.
Erythronesokia bunnii), which had only been described from specimens obtained in the Central Marshes, is extinct.
The area was formerly populated by the Marsh Arabs or Ma'dan, who grazed Domestic buffalo on the natural vegetation and carried out cultivation of rice.
Draining
By the early 1980s, it was evident that irrigation projects were already affecting water levels in the marshes.
[Spencer, M. The Marsh Arabs Revisited Saudi Aramco World, April 1982] In the early 1990s, the government of Iraq undertook a series of major drainage projects, at least partly in retribution for the events of the 1991 uprisings, and to prevent the area being used as a refuge by militias. The flow southwards from the distributary streams of the Tigris was blocked by large embankments and discharged into the Al-Amarah or
Glory Canal, resulting in the loss of two-thirds of the Central Marshes by as early as 1993.
A further canal, the
Prosperity Canal, was constructed to prevent any overflow into the marsh from the main channel of the Tigris as it ran southwards from
Qalat Saleh.
By the late 1990s, the Central Marsh had become completely desiccated, suffering the most severe damage of the three main areas of wetland. By 2000, United Nations Environment Programme estimated that 90% of the marshlands had disappeared.
Reflooding
Following the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq, embankments and drainage works were broken open, and the marshes began to reflood. The Central Marshes showed little recovery through 2003, but by early 2004 a patchwork of lakes had appeared in northern areas; there was flooding in southern areas which had previously been dry since the early 1990s.
[ Iraq Marshlands Restoration Program, iraqmarshes.org, p.6] There has been some corresponding recolonisation by the natural marsh vegetation since that time, and return of some species of fish and birds, although recovery of the Central Marshes has been much slower compared to the Huwaizah and Hammar Marshes; the most severely damaged sections of the wetlands have yet to show any signs of regeneration.
[ Missan Governorate Assessment Report, UNHCR, 2006, p.44] Bunn's short-tailed bandicoot rat is suspected to have become extinct.
